Apples are round, edible fruits produced by apple trees (Malus spp.). The orchard or domestic apple tree (Malus domestica) is the most widely grown fruit tree in the genus Malus and is cultivated worldwide. Apples may reduce the risk of chronic diseases through multiple mechanisms, including antioxidant, antiproliferative, and cell signaling effects. Exposure to apples and apple products has been shown to have beneficial effects on the risk, markers, and etiology of cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies suggest that these products may also be associated with improvements in outcomes related to cognitive decline associated with normal aging, diabetes, weight management, bone health, lung function, and gastrointestinal protection....