Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine of the Piperaceae family. People cultivate its fruits (peppercorns) and usually dry them for use as spices and condiments. Peppercorns and pepper powder made from them can be simply called pepper, or more accurately black pepper (cooked and dried immature fruits), green pepper (dried immature fruits) or white pepper (seeds of mature fruits).

Black pepper is a common spice that has the effects of promoting digestion, anti-oxidation, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. Its active ingredient, piperine, can stimulate gastric juice secretion and help decompose food; it also contains polyphenols that can remove free radicals and delay aging.

1. Promote digestion and metabolism

Piperine in black pepper can stimulate the oral and gastric mucosa, promote saliva and gastric acid secretion, enhance intestinal peristalsis, and accelerate food decomposition. Studies have shown that it can also activate digestive enzyme activity, help protein and fat metabolism, and improve problems such as loss of appetite and bloating. In addition, piperine may help reduce fat accumulation by regulating genes related to lipid metabolism.

2. Antioxidation and anti-aging

Black pepper contains polyphenols (such as flavonoids, tannins) and vitamin C, which can neutralize free radicals and slow down cell oxidative damage. Animal experiments show that its extract can enhance the activity of liver antioxidant enzymes and reduce the level of oxidative stress. Long-term moderate intake may have a certain effect on the prevention of cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative diseases.

3. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory

The volatile oil components of black pepper (such as pinene and limonene) have broad-spectrum antibacterial effects and can inhibit the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Its anti-inflammatory properties are related to the inhibition of inflammatory factors (such as TNF-α and IL-6). It is often used in traditional medicine to relieve toothache and sore throat. External application can also assist in the treatment of joint inflammation.

4. Relieve respiratory discomfort

The spicy smell of black pepper can stimulate the nasal mucosa, promote mucus discharge, and improve nasal congestion and cough caused by colds. Drinks made with black pepper and honey are often used to remove phlegm in Indian Ayurvedic therapy. In addition, its volatile oil components may help relieve mild asthma symptoms by dilating the bronchi.

5. Enhance nutrient absorption

Piperine can increase the bioavailability of nutrients in other foods. For example, when it is combined with curcumin (the active ingredient of turmeric), its absorption rate can be increased by 20 times. Similarly, eating black pepper with foods rich in iron and beta-carotene can also promote the absorption of these nutrients.